1- Commonwealth of Australia
Australia, formally the Commonwealth of Australia, may be a continental sovereign country comprising the earth of the Australian earth, the island of Tasmania and various smaller islands. With a section a section, it's the most important country by space in Oceanica and also the sixth largest country within the world. Australia is that the oldest, flattest and driest haunted continent, with the smallest amount fertile soils. it is a mega-different country, and its size provides it an enormous kind of landscapes and climates, with deserts within the center, tropical rainforests within the northeast, and mountain ranges within the southeast. autochthonal Australians have haunted the continent for around sixty five,000 years.European maritime exploration of Australia began within the early seventeenth century with the arrival of Dutch explorers. In 1770, the japanese 1/2 Australia was claimed by Great Britain and initial inhabited by criminal transport to the colony of latest South Wales from Jan twenty six, 1788, that became Australia's holiday. 'Australia. The population of Europe grew steady over the following decades, and by the time of the Gold Rush of 1850 most of the continent had been explored by European settlers and 5 alternative autonomous Crown colonies had been established. On Jan one, 1901, the six colonies federate, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic social group and an expensive laissez-faire economy.Politically, Australia may be a federal parliamentary constitutional autocracy, comprising six states and 10 territories. With associate Australian population of nearly one thousand thousand, Australian capital is that the country's capital, whereas the 5 largest cities ar state capital, Melbourne, Brisbane, state capital and state capital. Australia's demographics are formed by centuries of immigration, with immigrants creating up half-hour of the country's population, the very best proportion among major western nations. Australia's extensive natural resources and well-developed international trade relations ar essential to the country's economy, that derives its financial gain from a range of sources, as well as services, mineral exports, banking, producing, agriculture and international education. Australia may be a extremely developed country with a high financial gain economy. it's the thirteenth largest economy within the world, the tenth highest per capita financial gain and also the eighth highest human development index.Australia may be a regional power and has the thirteenth highest military expenditure within the world. Australia ranks initial for quality of life, democracy, health, education, economic freedom, civil liberties, security and political rights, with all of its major cities performing arts exceptionally well in polls international comparison of livability. it's a member of international groupings like the world organisation, G20, OECD, WTO, ANZUS, AUKUS, Five Eyes, Quad, APEC, Pacific Islands Forum, Pacific Community and Commonwealth of countries.
2- Etymology
Etymology The name Australia derives from the Latin Terra Australis, a name used since antiquity for a hypothetical continent in the southern hemisphere. When Europeans began to visit and map Australia in the 17th century, the name Terra Australis was naturally applied to the new territories. Until the early 19th century, Australia was better known as New Holland, a name first applied by Dutch explorer Abel Tasman in 1644. and later anglicised. Terra Australis still saw occasional use, such as in scientific texts. The name Australia was popularized by explorer Matthew Flinders, who said it was "more pleasant to hear and an assimilation to the names of other large parts of the Earth". Several famous early cartographers also used the word Australia on maps. Gerardus Mercator used the climatic phrase on his 1538 double cordiform map of the world, as did Gemma Frisius, who was Mercator's teacher and collaborator, on his cordiform wall map in 1540. Australia appears in a book of astronomy by Cyriaco Jacob zum Barth published in Frankfurt am Main in 1545. The first time Australia appears to have been officially used was in April 1817, when Governor Lachlan Macquarie admitted he had received Flinders papers from Australia of Lord Bathurst.In December 1817 Macquarie recommended that the Colonial Office be formally adopted. In 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent be officially known by this name. The first official published use of the new name came with the 1830 publication of The Hydrographic Office's The Directory of Australia. Australia's household names include "Oz" and "The Land Down Under". Other epithets include "The Great Southern Land", "the Lucky Country", "the Sunburnt Country", and "the Wide Brown Land". The latter two both derive from Dorothea Mackellar's 1908 poem "My Country".
3- History
History autochthonal peoples Human settlement on the Australian earth is understood to possess begun around sixty five,000 years past, with the migration of individuals via land bridges and short ocean crossings from what's currently Asia from the South East. Madjedbebe Rock Refuge in city Land is recognized because the oldest web site showing human presence in Australia. The oldest human remains found ar the Lake Mungo remains, dated to around forty one,000 years past. These folks were the ancestors of recent Australian natives. Australian Aboriginal culture is one in all the oldest continuous cultures on Earth. At the time of 1st contact with Europeans, most autochthonal Australians were hunter-gatherers with complicated economies and societies. Recent anthropology finds recommend that a population of 750,000 could are oral culture with non secular values based on respect for the land and belief within the Dreamtime.The strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, lived off seasonal farming and therefore the resources of their coral reefs and seas. Australia's northern coasts and waters were periodically visited for trade by Makassan fishermen from what's currently Republic of Indonesia. European exploration and settlement {the 1st|the primary} recorded European watching of the Australian continent and therefore the first recorded European landing on the Australian continent ar attributed to the Dutch. the primary ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and encounter Aboriginal folks was the Duyfken, commanded by Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon Pennefather close to the trendy city of Weipa in ness. within the same year, Spanish adventurer Luís Vaz Diamond State Torres cruised and sailed through the strait Islands. The Dutch charted the complete west and north coast and referred to as the island continent "New Holland" within the seventeenth century, and though no try at settlement was created, in 1770 Captain James Cook sailed on and charted the geographic region, that he referred to as "New Holland". South Wales" and claimed nice United Kingdom. Following the loss of its colonies in 1783, land government sent a fleet of ships, the primary Fleet, beneath the command of Captain Arthur Phillip, to ascertain a replacement penal institution in star Scotia. South Wales A camp was got wind of and therefore the Union Jack hoisted at Sydney Cove, Port Jackson, on January twenty six, 1788, a date that later became Australia's National Day.Most early inmates were transported for minor offenses and appointed as laborers or servants to "free settlers". As most inmates settled into the once emancipated colonial society, inmate rebellions and riots were conjointly staged, however invariably place down by law. The 1808 Rum Rebellion, Australia's solely no-hit armed takeover, sparked a biennial amount of military rule. the subsequent decade, social and economic reforms initiated by Governor Lachlan Macquarie saw New South Wales transition from a penal institution to civil society. The autochthonal population declined for a hundred and fifty years when settlement, chiefly thanks to infectious diseases. Thousands additional folks died as a results of the border conflict with settlers. A government policy of "assimilation" that began with the Native Welfare Act 1869 semiconductor diode to the removal of the many native youngsters from their families and communities, a apply that conjointly contributed to the decline of native populations.
4- Colonial growth
Colonial growth British people continued to penetrate different elements of the continent within the early nineteenth century, initial on the coast. In 1803 a settlement was established at Van Diemen's Land and in 1813 Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Wentworth crossed the Blue Mountains west of state capital, gap the inside to European settlement. British people claim extended to the complete of the Australian solid ground in 1827 once Major Edmund Lockyer established a colony on King Saint George Sound. The Swan watercourse Colony was established in 1829, changing into the biggest Australian colony by region, Australian state. supported increase, separate colonies were inscribed out of latest South Wales: Tasmania in 1825, Australian state in 1836, New Zealand in 1841, Victoria in 1851, and Queensland in 1859. Australian state was based as a "free province". was ne'er a penal facility. Australian state was conjointly based "free" however later accepted transported inmates, the last of that arrived in 1868, decades once transport to the opposite colonies stopped. In 1823, a legislative assembly appointed by the Governor of latest South Wales was created, in conjunction with a brand new Supreme Court, so limiting the powers of colonial governors. Between 1855 and 1890, the six colonies separately achieved accountable government, changing into elective democracies that conducted most of their affairs whereas remaining a part of British people Empire.The London Colonial workplace preserved management of some matters, notably foreign affairs and defence. within the mid-19th century, explorers like Burke and Wills went inland to see its agricultural potential and answer scientific queries. A series of gold rushes began early. The decennium diode to AN inflow of latest migrants from China, North America, and solid ground Europe, additionally as outbreaks of bushland and civil unrest; the latter reached its peak in 1854 once Ballarat miners launched the Eureka Rebellion against the Golden Cannons. From federation to the planet wars On one Gregorian calendar month 1901, once a decade of designing, constitutional conventions and referendums, the federation of the colonies was achieved, with the institution of the Commonwealth of Australia as a nation and therefore the coming back into force of the Australian Constitution. once the Imperial Conference of 1907, Australia and plenty of different sovereign British colonies got the standing of sovereign "domains" at intervals British people Empire. Australia was a innovation member of the League of states in 1920 and so of the global organization in 1945. Britain's Statute of Westminster of 1931 formally terminated most constitutional ties between Australia and therefore the UK. Australia passed it in 1942, however it had been backdated to 1939 to substantiate the validity of legislation gone along the Australian Parliament throughout war II. The Federal Capital The territory was shaped in 1911 because the seat of the long run Federal Capital of Australian capital.Melbourne was the temporary seat of state from 1901 to 1927 whereas Australian capital was engineered. The territory was transferred from the management of the South Australian government to the federal parliament in 1911. Australia became the colonial ruler of the Territory of Papua in 1902 and the Territory of latest Guinea in 1920. the 2 were unified in as a territory of Papua. and Papua in 1949 and gained independence from Australia in 1975. In 1914 Australia joined the Allies in war I and took half in several major battles fought on the Western Front. Of the around 416,000 World Health Organization served, around sixty,000 were killed and another 152,000 wounded. several Australians regard the defeat of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps at Gallipoli in 1915 because the nation's "baptism by fire" - its initial major group action, with the day of remembrance of the landing at Anzac Cove commemorated annually at the occasion of Anzac Day. From 1939 to 1945, Australia joined the Allies in war II. The Australian Army has fought within the Pacific, European, Mediterranean and Middle Eastern theatres. The shock of British defeat in Asia in 1942, followed shortly once by the bombing of Darwin and different Japanese attacks on Australian soil, diode to a widespread belief in Australia that a Japanese invasion was close at hand and a passage of the uk to the us as Australia's main ally and security partner.Since 1951, Australia has been a politician military ally of the us below the ANZUS accord. Post-war and modern periods within the decades following the Second war, Australia skilled important will increase in living standards, leisure and community development. victimisation the saying "populate or die", the state inspired an outsized wave of immigration from across Europe, these immigrants being observed as "New Australians". A member of the Western axis throughout the conflict, Australia participated within the warfare and therefore the Malayan Emergency within the Nineteen Fifties and therefore the warfare from 1962 to 1972. throughout this era, tensions over the Communist influence in society diode to unsuccessful tries by the Menzies. the govt illegal the party of Australia and a bitter split from the Labor in 1955. Following a 1967 vote, the central was mandated to implement policies in favor of Aboriginal folks and every one Australians natives were enclosed within the census. ancient land possession was initial recognized in law once the tribunal of Australia command in Mabo v Queensland that the legal philosophy of terra nullius failed to apply to Australia at the time of European settlement . Following the permanent termination of the White Australia policy in 1973, Australia's demographics and culture remodeled following an outsized and continued wave of non-European immigration, principally from Asia to . The flip of the twentieth century conjointly saw increasing attention to policy ties with different Pacific countries. whereas the Australia Act 1986 cut off residual constitutional ties between Australia and therefore the UK, a 1999 vote diode to fifty fifth of voters rejecting a proposal to get rid of Australia's autarchy and become a republic . once the September 11 attacks on the us, Australia joined the us in the war in Islamic State of Afghanistan from 2001 to 2021 and therefore the war in Republic of Iraq from 2003 to 2009.The country's trade relations have also become increasingly increasingly oriented towards East Asia in the 21st century, with China becoming by far the country's largest trading partner. During the COVID19 pandemic which began in Australia in 2020, many of Australia's largest cities were closed for extended periods and free movement across state borders was restricted in an effort to slow the spread of the SARSCoV2 virus.
5- Geography and surroundings
Geography and surroundings General characteristics enclosed by the Indian and Pacific Oceans, Australia is separated from Asia by the Arafura and Timor Seas, the Coral ocean off Queensland and also the sea between Australia and also the New island. the littlest continent within the world and also the sixth largest country by total expanse, Australia, because of its size and isolation, is usually stated as "the dry land island" and is usually thought of the most important island within the world. world. Australia has coastlines and claims an oversized Exclusive Economic Zone that doesn't embody the Australian Antarctic Territory. dry land Australia is found between latitudes 9° and 44° south and longitudes 112° and 154° east. landscapes, with tropical rainforests within the northeast, mountain ranges within the southeast, southwest and east, and a desert within the center.The desert or semi-arid lands normally stated because the interior structure out and away the most important interior port, with Australia being the driest occupied continent; its average annual downfall over the continental zone is a smaller amount than five hundred millimetre. the nice coral reef, the most important reef within the world, lies a brief distance from the northeast coast and extends on the far side. Mount Emperor of Rome, thought of the most important stone within the world, is found in Western Australia. Mount nationalist is that the highest mountain on the Australian continent, higher area unit Mawson Peak within the remote Australian territory outside detected Island, and within the Australian Antarctic Territory, Mount McClintock and Mount Menzies , severally a and. jap Australia is marked by the nice Dividing vary, that runs parallel to the coast of Queensland, New South Wales and far of Victoria.The name isn't strictly correct, as components of the vary contains low hills, and also the plateaus area unit usually no on top of tall. The Coastal Highlands and a belt of Brigalow piece of land lie between the coast and also the mountains, whereas interior from the Border vary area unit giant areas of piece of land and shrubland. These embody the Western Plains of recent South Wales and also the Mitchell Grass Downs and Mulga Lands in Outback Queensland. The northmost purpose of the continent is that the tropical earth of Cape York. At the northwest corner of the continent area unit the arenaceous rock cliffs and gorges of the metropolis and below the Pilbara.The tropical savannah of the Victoria Plains lies south of the savannahs of the metropolis and Arnhem Lands, forming a transition between the coastal savannahs and also the interior deserts. At the center of the country area unit the central highlands of Australia. Central and southern highlights embody Uluru, the renowned arenaceous rock stone and also the interior deserts of Simpson, Tirari and Sturt Stony, Gibson, nice Sandy, Tanami and nice Victoria, with the renowned field on the southern coast. Western Australian mulga shrubs area unit found between interior deserts and also the Mediterranean climate of southwestern Australia.
6- Geology
Geology Located on the Indo-Australian plate, the Australian continent is the lowest and most primitive land mass on Earth with a relatively stable geological history. The landmass includes virtually every known rock type and every geological period spanning more than 3.8 billion years of Earth's history. Craton Pilbara is one of only two pristine 3.62.7 Ga Archean crusts identified on Earth. Having been part of all major supercontinents, the Australian continent began to form after the breakup of Gondwana in the Permian, with the separation of the continent from the African continent and the Indian subcontinent. It separated from Antarctica for a long time beginning with the Permian and continuing through the Cretaceous.When the last ice age ended around 10,000 BC, rising sea levels formed Bass Strait, separating Tasmania from the mainland. Thus, between 8000 and 6500 BC. basically the northern plains were inundated by the sea, separating New Guinea, the Aru Islands and the Australian mainland. The Australian continent is moving towards Eurasia at a rate of between 6 and 7 centimeters per year. The continental crust of mainland Australia, excluding the thinned edges, has an average thickness of 38 km, with a thickness between 24 km and 59 km. The geology of Australia can be divided into several main sections, showing that the continent developed from west to east: the Archean cratonic shields are found mainly in the west, the Proterozoic fold belts in the centre, and the Phanerozoic sedimentary basins, metamorphic and igneous rocks. . to the east.The Australian mainland and Tasmania are in the middle of the tectonic plate and have no active volcanoes, but due to the pass over the hotspot east of Australia, recent volcanism has occurred during the Holocene, in the most recent volcanic province of western Victoria. and southeastern South Australia Volcanism also occurs on the island of New Guinea and the Australian external territory of Heard Island and the McDonald Islands. Seismic activity on the Australian mainland and in Tasmania is also low, with the highest death toll in the 1989 Newcastle earthquake.
7- Australia's climate
Australia's climate is significantly affected by ocean currents, including the Indian Ocean Dipole and the El Niño Southern Oscillation, which is linked to periodic drought, and the seasonal tropical low pressure system which produces cyclones in northern Australia. These factors cause rainfall to vary greatly from year to year. Much of the northern part of the country has tropical rainfall, mainly in summer. The southwestern corner of the country has a Mediterranean climate. Southeast varies. from oceanic to humid subtropical, with the plateaus characterized by oceanic and subpolar alpine climates.The interior is arid to semi-arid. and the 2019-2020 bushfire season was the worst on record in the country. Australia's per capita greenhouse gas emissions are among the highest in the world. Water restrictions are often in place in many parts and cities of Australia in response to chronic shortages of urban populations and localized drought. Across much of the continent, major floods regularly follow long periods of drought, wiping out inland river systems, overflowing levees and flooding vast inland floodplains, as has happened across eastern Australia in the early 2010s after the Australian drought of the 2000s.
8- Biodiversity
Biodiversity though most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, the continent encompasses a large vary of habitats, from alpine wasteland to tropical timberland. the continent's nice age, extremely variable weather patterns and long geographic isolation, a lot of of Australia's biology is exclusive. concerning eighty fifth of flowering plants, eighty four of mammals, over forty fifth of birds, and eighty nine of coastal fish within the Temperate Zone ar endemic. Australia has a minimum of 755 species of reptiles, quite the other country within the world. Antarctica, Australia is that the solely continent that developed while not feline species. wild cats could are introduced within the seventeenth century by Dutch shipwrecks and later within the eighteenth century by European settlers. they're currently thought of a serious consider the decline and extinction of the many vulnerable and vulnerable native species. Australia is additionally one in all seventeen megadiverse countries.Australian forests ar principally composed of evergreen species, particularly eucalyptus in less arid regions; wattles replace them because the dominant species in drier regions and deserts. Well-known Australian animals embody monotremes; a myriad of marsupials as well as marsupial, native bear and marsupial, and birds like emus and laughing jackass. The wild dog was introduced by Austronesian those that listed with native Australians around 3000 BC. several animal and plant species disappeared shortly when the primary human settlement, as well as Australia's megafauna; others have disappeared from the eu population, as well as the Tasmanian tiger. several Australian ecoregions and also the species at intervals these regions ar vulnerable by human activities and have introduced animal, cromistan, fungous and plant species. All of those factors have resulted in Australia having the very best class extinction rate of any country within the world. The Federal Law for the Protection of the setting and also the Conservation of diverseness of 1999 is that the legal framework for the protection of species. several protected aras are established as a part of Australia's National diverseness Conservation Strategy to safeguard and preserve distinctive ecosystems; sixty five wetlands are listed beneath the Ramsar Convention and sixteen wildlife Heritage sites are created. Australia was hierarchal twenty first out of 178 countries worldwide in the 2018 Environmental Performance Index. There ar over one,800 animals and plants on Australia's species list, as well as over five hundred animals.Paleontologists have discovered a fossil web site of a prehistoric timberland at McGraths Flat in South Australia that presents proof that this currently barren desert associated dry shrubland/grassland once supported an abundance of life, it's a federal parliamentary constitutional autarchy . The country has maintained a stable liberal democratic form of government beneath its constitution, that is one in all the oldest within the world, since the Federation in 1901. it's conjointly one in all the oldest federations within the world, within which the facility is split between federal power The Australian system of state combines components derived from the political systems of the uk and also the us, further as distinctive endemic characteristics. The central is split into 3 branches: Legislative power: the bicameral Parliament, which incorporates the monarch, the Senate and also the Chamber of Deputies; Executive: the Federal Governing Council, that in follow has legal result on cupboard choices, consisting of the Prime Minister and alternative Ministers of State appointed by the Governor-General on the recommendation of Parliament; judicial: the supreme court of Australia and alternative federal courts, whose judges ar appointed by the Governor-General on the recommendation of ParliamentElizabeth II reigns as Queen of Australia and is delineate in Australia by the Governor-General at the federal level and by the Governors at the state level, UN agency by convention act on the recommendation of her ministers. Therefore, in follow, the governor acts because the legal figurehead for the actions of the Prime Minister and also the Federal council. The Governor-General has extraordinary reserve powers which can be exercised outside the request of the Prime Minister in rare and restricted circumstances, the foremost notable exercise of that was the dismissal of the Whitlam government within the constitutional crisis of 1975. seventy six senators: twelve every from the states and 2 every from the continental territories. The House of Representatives has 151 members elective in single-member electoral districts, usually cited as "electorates" or "seats", allotted to states supported population, with every native state guaranteeing a minimum of 5 seats. Elections for each chambers commonly turn up each 3 years at an equivalent time; senators have accumulative mandates of six years with the exception of these of the territories, the length of that isn't fastened however joined to the electoral cycle for the lower house; therefore solely forty of the seventy six Senate seats ar allotted at every election unless the cycle is interrupted by a double dissolution. a bit like registration. The party with the support of the bulk in the House of Representatives forms the govt. and its leader becomes Prime Minister. In cases wherever no party has majority support, the governor has the constitutional power to appoint the Prime Minister and, if necessary, to dismiss the Prime Minister UN agency has lost the arrogance of Parliament. thanks to Australia's comparatively distinctive position in operation as a City of Westminster commonwealth with associate elective higher house, the system has typically been cited as a "Washington mutation" or semi-parliamentary system. There ar 2 main political teams that typically kind government, at federal and state level: the Australian party and also the Coalition, that may be a formal grouping of the Liberal Party and its smaller partner, the National Party. The National Liberal Party and also the Country Liberal Party ar state branches of Australian state and also the territory that operate as separate parties at the federal level. at intervals Australian political culture, the Coalition is seen as centre-right and also the party is seen as centre-left. freelance members and several other smaller parties have gained illustration in Australian parliaments, primarily in higher homes. The Australian Greens ar typically thought of the "third force" in politics, being the third largest party by range of votes and membership.The last federal election was held on May 18, 2019, and resulted in the coalition, led by Premier Scott Morrison, to retain government.
9- States and territories
States and territories Australia has six states - New South Wales, Queensland, Australian state, Tasmania, Victoria and Australian state - and 3 dry land territories: the capital of Australia Territory, the territorial dominion and also the Jervis Bay. In several respects, the ACT and also the nongovernmental organization operate like states, except that the Commonwealth Parliament has the facility to amend or repeal any legislation lapsed the parliaments of the territory. underneath the constitution, the states basically have comprehensive legislative power to enact on any subject, whereas the Commonwealth Parliament will solely enact in matters listed in Article fifty one. as an example, state parliaments have the facility to enact in matters of education, legal code. state law and police, health, transport and native government, however the Commonwealth Parliament has no specific power to enact in these areas. However, Commonwealth laws prevail over state laws to the extent of the inconsistency. State a The second largest territory on the continent has its own parliament: unicameral within the territorial dominion, ACT and Queensland, and bicameral within the alternative states. The States square measure sovereign entities, though subject to bound powers of the Commonwealth as outlined by the Constitution. The lower homes square measure called the Legislative Assembly; the higher homes square measure called the law-makers. the pinnacle of government in every state is that the Prime Minister and in every territory, the Prime Minister.The queen is drawn in every state by a governor; and within the territorial dominion, the Administrator. within the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is that the governor. The Commonwealth Parliament conjointly directly administers the external territories of Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, the Coral ocean Islands, detected and McDonald Islands and also the claimed space of the Australian Antarctic Territory, further than landlocked from Jervis Bay, a service base and harbour to the nation's capital in territory that was once a part of New South Wales. In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-determination, transferral island into Australia's tax and profit systems and replacement its law-makers with a council. Macquarie Island is a component of Tasmania and Lord Howe Island of latest South Wales.
10- Military
Australia's armed forces — the Australian Defence Force — incorporate the Royal Australian Navy, the Australian Army and the Royal Australian Air Force, in overall numbering 81,214 personnel . The titular function of Commander-in-Chief is vested withinside the Governor-General, who appoints a Chief of the Defence Force from one of the armed offerings on the recommendation of the government. In a diarchy, the Chief of the Defence Force serves as co-chairman of the Defence Committee, conjointly with the Secretary of Defence, withinside the command and manage of the Australian Defence Organisation.
In the 2016–2017 budget, defence spending comprised 2% of GDP, representing the world's twelfth biggest defence budget. Australia has been worried in United Nations and local peacekeeping, catastrophe relief, in addition to armed conflicts from the First World War onwards.
11- Economy
Economy a fashionable country, Australia encompasses a free enterprise, a high gross domestic product per capita and a comparatively low economic condition rate. In terms of average wealth, Australia graded second within the world once Schweiz from 2013 to 2018. In 2018, Australia overtook Schweiz to become the country with the best average wealth. it absolutely was known by the Credit Svizzera analysis Institute because the country with the best average wealth within the world and also the second highest average wealth per adult in 2013. The Australian dollar is that the currency of the country, as well as Christmas Island , the Cocos Islands and Norfolk Island further because the freelance Pacific Island states of land, Nauru and Tuvalu. With the 2006 merger of the Australian exchange and also the state capital futures market, the Australian Securities Exchange became the ninth largest exchange within the world. Highest gross domestic product per capita at USD fifty five,692. The country graded third within the world organisation Human Development Index in 2017. Melbourne reached the highest spot for the fourth consecutive year on the 2014 list of the most The Economists' World habitable Index, followed by Adelaide, state capital and Perth in fifth, seventh and ninth place severally.Total debt in Australia is around AUD a hundred ninety billion, or 2 hundredth of gross domestic product in 2010. Australia has a number of the best property costs and a few of the best levels of unit debt within the world. the stress on exportation raw materials instead of factory-made merchandise has supported a major increase in Australia's terms of trade since the flip of the twenty first century, because of rising artifact costs. Australia encompasses a negative balance of payments of over seven-membered of gross domestic product and has had giant persistent accounting deficits for over fifty years. Australia has announce a median annual rate of growth of three.6% for over fifteen years, compared to associate annual average of two.5% for the OECD. However, the economies of six of Australia's major commerce partners were in recession, that successively hit Australia, considerably hampering its economic process. The economy suffered a recession The Hawke government fluctuated The Australian dollar in 1983 partly deregulated the economic system.The Howard government followed the partial deregulating of the market and also the continued privatization of public enterprises, notably within the telecommunications sector. The revenue enhancement system was considerably changed in Gregorian calendar month 2000 with the introduction of a tenth tax on merchandise and services. The Australian legal system, personal and company taxation area unit the most sources of presidency revenue. there have been thirteen,154,200 individuals utilized, with associate percent of four.9%. knowledge free in time period 2013 showed that the quantity of welfare recipients had accumulated by fifty fifth. In 2007, 228,621 recipients of Newstart state profit were registered, a complete that rose to 646,414 in March 2013. consistent with the Graduate Careers Survey, regular employment for brand new graduates in varied occupations has declined since 2011 however will increase for three-year graduates. once graduation, interest rates in Australia were set at a historic low of zero.1%, targeting associate rate of inflation of 2-3%.The service sector of the economy, as well as commercial enterprise, education and monetary services, accounts for around seventieth of gross domestic product. made in natural resources, Australia could be a major bourgeois of agricultural product, notably wheat and wool, minerals like iron and gold, and energy within the sort of liquefied gas and coal. three-dimensional and five-hitter of gross domestic product contribute considerably to export performance Australia's main export markets area unit Japan, China, the us, Asian country and New Seeland. Australia is that the world's fourth largest wine bourgeois, and also the wine business contributes AUD five.5 billion a year to the economy. Access to biocapacity in Australia is well higher than the worldwide average. In 2016, Australia had twelve.3 billion hectares of biocapacity per capita among its territory, well higher than the worldwide average of one.6 world hectares per capita.In 2016, Australia used half-dozen.6 world hectares of biocapacity per capita, its ecological footprint of consumption. this suggests that they use half the biocapacity contained in Australia. As a result, Australia operates a reserve of biocapacity. Australia's inventive and cultural sectors contribute considerably to its economy. The Australian Copyright Council has been observation the business victimization the WIPO-guided framework since 2011, with further reports revealed in 2012 and 2014. the foremost recent study free in 2017 expressed that copyright industries contributed $122.8 billion to the Australian economy in 2016, that represents seven.4% of Australia's total economic output. 'Australia. The 2016 figure represents a rise of $8.5 billion over 2011, with worth additional growing at one.4% annually. moreover, it found that the inventive sectors jointly generated a lot of economic output than the producing, health care and mining sectors in 2016 and rose from Australia's seventh largest business in 2011 to 3rd in 2016. Australia has systematically graded 1st within the world Innovation Index. In 2021, Australia graded twenty fifth out of 132 economies within the GII 2021, compared to twenty third in 2020 and twenty second in 2019. within the GII 2021 report, Australia ranks twenty fourth among the fifty one high-income economies within the cluster and sixth among the seventeen economies of geographical region, East Asia and Oceanica.
12- Energy
Energy In 2003, Australia's energy sources were coal, electricity, gas, liquid/gas fuel exchange facilities, fossil oil and different renewable resources like wind , star and bioenergy. within the twenty first century, Australia has attended turn out additional energy mistreatment renewable resources and fewer energy mistreatment fossil fuels. In 2020, Australia used coal for sixty two of all energy, wind generation for nine.9%, gas for nine.9%, solar energy for nine.9%, electricity for six.4%, bioenergy for one.4% and different sources like oil and coal waste. mine for zero.5%.In August 2009, the Australian government set a target of obtaining 2 hundredth 2 hundredth all energy within the country from renewable sources by 2020. They achieved this, as renewable resources created up twenty seven.7% of Australia's energy in 2020. Australia is very urbanised. , with sixty seven of the population living within the larger Capital applied math Areas in 2018. Metropolitan area unitas with populations over a million are state capital, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide. Like several different developed countries, Australia is experiencing a demographic shift towards AN older population, with additional pensioners and fewer folks of operating age. In 2018, the typical age of the Australian population was thirty eight.8. In 2015, 2.15% of Australia's population lived overseas, one amongst all-time low within the world.Ancestry and immigration Between 1788 and warfare II, the overwhelming majority of settlers and immigrants came from nation Isles, though there was vital immigration from China and European country within the nineteenth century. within the decades now following warfare II, Australia received an outsized wave of immigration from across Europe, with more immigrants getting back from southern and japanese Europe than within the decades previous ones. Since the tip of the White Australia policy in 1973, Australia has pursued a proper policy of philosophy and there has been an outsized and continued wave of immigration from everywhere the planet, with Asia being the most supply immigrants within the twenty first century. Today, Australia has the eighth largest migrant population within the world, with immigrants creating up half-hour of the population, the best share among major Western countries. 160,323 permanent immigrants were admitted to Australia in 2018 -2019 most immigrants area unit expert, I within the 2016 Australian Census, the foremost usually named ancestors were: I Chronicles area unit listed. don't use ABS QuickStats knowledge for ancestors. Use the total ancestry knowledgeset because the QuickStats data shows every ancestry as a share of all ascendent responses whereas the total dataset within the ABS Community Profiles shows {the share|the share|the proportion} of individuals United Nations agency name a given ancestry as a percentage of the population that named a lineage and gt; within the 2016 census, 649,171 folks known themselves as Indigenous: Australian Aborigines and strait Islanders.
13- Language
Language though Australia has no official language, English is that the factual national language. Australian English could be a major form of the language with a particular accent and vocabulary and differs slightly from different forms of English in descriptive linguistics and orthography. customary accent. in line with the 2016 census, English is that the solely language spoken reception for seventy two.7% of the population. the opposite most well-liked most well-liked home area unit Mandarin, Arabic, Cantonese, Vietnamese and Italian. Of that but twenty area unit still used daily by all ages. At the time of the 2006 census, 52,000 native Australians, representing twelve-tone system of the native population, reported speaking AN native language reception. Australia features a signing called Auslan, that is that the primary language of roughly ten,112 deaf those that reported mistreatment the Auslan language reception within the 2016 census.
14- Religion
Religion Australia does not have a state religion; Section 116 of the Australian Constitution prohibits the federal government from enacting laws to establish a religion, compel religious observance or prohibit the free exercise of a religion. In the 2016 census, 52.1% of Australians were considered Christian, with 22.6% being Catholic and 13.3% Anglican; 30.1% of the population declared that they “have no religion”; 8.2% identify with non-Christian religions, the largest of which is Islam, followed by Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism and Judaism. The remaining 9.7% of the population did not provide an adequate response.The number of people who said they had no religion fell from 19% in 2006 to 22% in 2011 and 30.1% in 2016. In 2018, 13% of women and 10% of men said they went to church at least once a week. Australian Aboriginal animist beliefs have been practiced for thousands of years. Mainland Australian Aboriginal spirituality is known as Dreaming and has a strong emphasis on belonging to the land. The collection of stories it contains shaped law and customs. Aboriginal art, history and dance continue to draw on these spiritual traditions. The spirituality and customs of the Torres Strait Islanders, who inhabit the islands between Australia and New Guinea, reflected their Melanesian origins and their dependence on the sea. Since European colonization in 1788, Christianity has been the most widespread religion in Australia. Christian churches have played a vital role in the development of education, health and care services in Australia.The largest Christian denominations are the Roman Catholic Church and the Anglican Church of Australia. Multicultural immigration since World War II has led to the growth of Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism and Judaism in Australia over the past half century.
15- Health
Health Australia's life expectancy is the fourth highest in the world for men and the third highest for women. Life expectancy in Australia in 2014-2016 was 80.4 years for males and 84.6 years for females. Australia has the highest skin cancer rates in the world, while smoking is the leading preventable cause of death and disease, responsible for 7.8% of total mortality and disease. Hypertension ranks second for preventable causes at 7.6%, followed by obesity in third place at 7.5%.Australia was ranked 35th in the world in 2012 for its percentage of obese women and near the top of developed countries for its percentage of obese adults; 63% of its adult population is overweight or obese. Total health expenditure represents approximately 9.8% of GDP. Australia introduced universal health care in 1975. Known as Medicare, it is now nominally funded by an income tax surcharge known as the Medicare tax, currently at 2%. The states run hospitals and related outpatient services, while the Commonwealth funds the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme and general practice.
16- School
School attendance or registration for home schooling is compulsory across Australia. Education is the responsibility of individual states and territories, so the rules vary from state to state, but in general children are required to attend school from the age of around 5 years old to about 16 years old. In some states, children between the ages of 16 and 17 must attend school or participate in vocational training courses, such as an apprenticeship. Australia has an adult literacy rate estimated at 99% in 2003. However, a 2011-2012 report for the Australian Bureau of Statistics reported that Tasmania has a literacy and numeracy rate of just 50%. . Australia has 37 government-funded universities and three private universities, as well as a number of other specialist institutions that offer accredited courses at tertiary level. The OECD ranks Australia among the most expensive countries to attend university. There is a state vocational training system, known as TAFE, and many of them want to do apprenticeships to train new artisans. About 58% of Australians aged 25-64 have vocational or tertiary qualifications,Australia has by far the highest rate of international students per capita in the world, with 812,000 international students enrolled in the country's universities and professional institutes in 2019. As a result, in 2019, international students accounted for 26 in Avg., 7% Australian university students. International education therefore represents one of the country's most important exports and has a pronounced influence on the country's demographics, with a large percentage of international students remaining in Australia after graduation with a variety of skills and work visas.
17- Culture
Culture Australia is home to a diversity of cultures, a result of its history of immigration. Since 1788, Australian culture has been predominantly a Western culture heavily influenced by early Anglo-Celtic settlers. Other influences include Australian Aboriginal culture, traditions brought to the country by waves of immigration from around the world, and the culture of the United States. The cultural divergence and evolution that has occurred over the centuries since European settlement has resulted in a distinct Australian culture.
18- Arts
Arts Australia has over one hundred,000 Aboriginal rock art sites and ancient styles, patterns and stories permeate modern Australian Aboriginal art, 'the last nice movement of the twentieth century' consistent with critic parliamentarian Hughes; its representatives embrace Emily Kame Kngwarreye. Early colonial artists showed a fascination with the unknown land. whereas the varsity remained powerful within the decennium, modernists like Margaret Preston and later poet Nolan and Arthur Boyd explored new trends in art. and state galleries maintain native and international art collections. Australia has one in all the highest room and deposit attending per capita within the world. Australian literature developed slowly within the decades following European organization through autochthonous oral traditions, several of that have since been recorded in writing, square measure abundant older. within the decade, Adam Lindsay Gordon posthumously became the primary Australian writer to realize a large audience. Following in his footsteps, Henry Lawson and stringed instrument Paterson captured the bush expertise mistreatment distinctive Australian vocabulary. the works square measure continuously popular; Paterson's bush literary composition "Waltzing Matilda" is taken into account Australia's unofficial anthem.Miles Franklin is that the mortal of Australia's most prestigious literary prize, awarded annually to the most effective novel concerning Australian life. Its initial recipient, author, won the award for Literature in 1973. Australian booking agent Prize winners embrace Peter Carey, Thomas Keneally and Richard Flanagan, still as authors David Malouf, Germaine Greer, Helen Garner, writer David Williamson and therefore the writer Les Murray square measure celebrated. several Australian arts corporations receive funding from the central. there's a orchestra in each state and a national company, Opera Australia, better-known for its celebrated soprano Joan Sutherland. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Nellie Dame Nellie Melba was one in all the best opera singers within the world. Ballet and dance square measure painted by the Australian Ballet and varied state corporations. every state encompasses a publically funded troupe.
19- Kelly Gang
The story of the Kelly Gang, the world's first feature-length fiction film, spurred a boom in Australian cinema during the silent film era. After World War I, Hollywood monopolized the industry and by the 1960s Australian film production had effectively ceased. Benefiting from government support, the Australian New Wave of the 1970s brought provocative and successful films, many of which explored themes of national identity, such as Wake in Fright and Gallipoli, while Crocodile Dundee and the Ozploitation movement of the series Mad Max have become international blockbusters. In a film market awash with foreign content, Australian films reached 7.7% of the local box office in 2015. AACTAs are Australia's top film and television awards, and Australian Oscar winners include Geoffrey Rush , Nicole Kidman, Cate Blanchett and Heath Ledger. Australia has two public broadcasters, three commercial television networks, several pay-TV services and numerous not-for-profit public television and radio stations. Every major city has at least one newspaper. This relatively low ranking is primarily due to the limited diversity of commercial media ownership in Australia; most print media is controlled by News Corporation and Nine Entertainment Co.
20- Cuisine
Cuisine Most Australian indigenous groups ate a simple hunter-gatherer diet of native flora and fauna, otherwise known as bush tucker. Early settlers brought British and Irish cuisine to the continent. This influence is seen in the enduring popularity of several British dishes such as fish and chips and quintessential Australian dishes such as Australian meat pie, which is derived from British steak pie. Post-war immigration transformed Australian cuisine. For example, migrants from southern Europe helped build a thriving Australian coffee culture that gave rise to Australian coffee drinks like flat white, while migration from East Asia led to dishes like flu dim sim, Cantonese and Chiko Roll, as well as distinct Chinese Australian cuisine. Sizzling sausages, pavlovas, lamingtons, meat pies, Vegemite and Anzac biscuits are considered iconic Australian dishes. Australia is a major exporter and consumer of wine. Australian wine is mainly produced in the cooler southern regions of the country. The nation also ranks among the highest in terms of beer consumption, with each state and territory home to numerous breweries.Australia is also known for its cafes and coffee culture in urban centers.
21- Sports
Sports and Recreation Cricket and soccer area unit the predominant sports in Australia throughout the summer and winter months severally. Australia is exclusive therein it's skilled leagues for four soccer codes. Originating in Melbourne within the decade, Australian rules soccer is that the preferred code all told states except New South Wales and Queensland, wherever football game league dominates, followed by football game union. football game; the unreal boundary that separates the areas wherever Australian rules soccer dominates from those wherever the 2 codes of rugby prevail is understood because the Barassi Line. Football, despite ranking fourth in quality and resources, has the very best overall participation rates. Cricket is widespread across borders and has been thought of by several Australians to be the national sport. The Australian cricket team compete European nation within the 1st match and therefore the 1st someday International, and against New Zealand within the 1st Twenty20 International, winning all 3 matches. He has additionally appeared all told editions of the Cricket tourney, winning the tournament a record 5 times. Australia is additionally better-known for water sports, like swimming and water sport. The life-saving water sport movement was born in Australia and therefore the life-saving volunteer is one amongst the country's icons.Throughout the country, different widespread sports embody racing, basketball, and car racing. The annual Melbourne Cup race and boat race from state capital to port attract nice interest. In 2016, the Australian Sports Commission unconcealed that swimming, sport and soccer were the 3 preferred participation sports. Australia is one in all of} league to own competed in every modern-era Summer athletics and has hosted the Games twice: 1956 in Melbourne and 2000 in state capital. It additionally hosts the 2032 Games in state capital. Australia has additionally competed at each Commonwealth Games, hosting the event in 1938, 1962, 1982, 2006 and 2018. Australia created its 1st Pacific Games look in 2015. in addition as often competitive within the FIFA tourney Australia won the OFC. The Nations Cup fourfold and therefore the AFC Asian Cup once, the sole country to own won championships in 2 completely different FIFA confederations. In June 2020, Australia won their bid to host the FIFA Women's tourney C 2023 at a similar pace as New Zealand. The country often competes among the world's elite basketball groups because it is among the high 3 groups within the world in terms of qualifying for the basketball tournament within the Summer athletics.Other major international events control in Australia embody the Australian Open sweep court game tournament, international cricket matches and therefore the Australian Formula one car race. Top-rated TV shows embody sports shows like the Summer athletics, FIFA tourney, The Ashes, football game League State of Origin and National League Finals. football game and therefore the Australian conference. athletics in Australia began within the decennary and snow sports happen within the chain and components of Tasmania.
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